國(guo)家安(an)全(quan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)安(an)邦(bang)定國(guo)的重要(yao)基石，糧(liang)食安(an)全(quan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)新時期總體國(guo)家安(an)全(quan)觀的重要(yao)組(zu)成部(bu)分。有土茲有糧(liang)，耕(geng)地(di)(di)健康是(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)際公認的國(guo)家糧(liang)食安(an)全(quan)生命線(xian)。自然資(zi)源部(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)對耕(geng)地(di)(di)保護監督負有重要(yao)職(zhi)責的國(guo)務院組(zu)成部(bu)門，是(shi)(shi)(shi)組(zu)織開展并(bing)引領國(guo)內關(guan)于(yu)耕(geng)地(di)(di)質(zhi)量(liang)、耕(geng)地(di)(di)產(chan)能、耕(geng)地(di)(di)健康的政府機關(guan)。

　　我們認(ren)為，耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)健(jian)康的(de)本質(zhi)內(nei)涵至少包(bao)括以下四(si)個方面：一(yi)是(shi)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)本體(ti)健(jian)康，土壤肥(fei)力和(he)土壤自凈能(neng)(neng)力得以維持;二是(shi)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)母(mu)體(ti)健(jian)康，即(ji)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)在(zai)(zai)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)播(bo)種(zhong)期(qi)足以支(zhi)持作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)全生(sheng)命周期(qi)健(jian)康生(sheng)長，在(zai)(zai)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)收獲期(qi)保證(zheng)農(nong)(nong)產品質(zhi)量安全;三是(shi)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)受體(ti)健(jian)康，在(zai)(zai)農(nong)(nong)業耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)過程(cheng)中要保證(zheng)進(jin)入耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)的(de)水、肥(fei)、藥沉降物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)(bu)使耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)被污(wu)染(ran)、被損傷;四(si)是(shi)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)系統健(jian)康，耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)作(zuo)(zuo)為一(yi)個自然生(sheng)態(tai)系統所排放的(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)不(bu)(bu)致對自然環境造成危害，對于系統性的(de)能(neng)(neng)量殘余能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)完全消化(hua)分解。簡言之(zhi)，耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)健(jian)康，是(shi)健(jian)康的(de)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)土壤、可持續的(de)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)利用(yong)以及穩定的(de)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)資源(yuan)利用(yong)生(sheng)態(tai)系統。

　　目前(qian)我國耕地健康(kang)存在的(de)主要(yao)問題包括：

　　城(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)快速發(fa)(fa)展嚴重挑戰耕(geng)(geng)地健(jian)康(kang)管理。我國(guo)目前(qian)正處(chu)于城(cheng)鎮化(hua)(hua)(hua)過半階(jie)(jie)段(duan)，城(cheng)鎮化(hua)(hua)(hua)率從17.92%提高(gao)到58.52%;工業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)方面也成為世界的(de)制造(zao)大(da)國(guo)，工業(ye)(ye)增加值年均增長率達(da)14.6%。必須承認(ren)，我國(guo)城(cheng)市(shi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)處(chu)在(zai)粗放(fang)擴張(zhang)向(xiang)綠色發(fa)(fa)展轉型階(jie)(jie)段(duan)，產業(ye)(ye)結構同樣處(chu)在(zai)向(xiang)生態環境(jing)友(you)好的(de)高(gao)端產業(ye)(ye)轉型階(jie)(jie)段(duan)，城(cheng)市(shi)、工業(ye)(ye)系統向(xiang)耕(geng)(geng)地系統輸(shu)送大(da)量(liang)有害健(jian)康(kang)的(de)物質，而且短期內還會進一步增加，耕(geng)(geng)地健(jian)康(kang)狀(zhuang)況面臨巨(ju)大(da)挑戰。

　　自然災(zai)害(hai)(hai)(hai)頻繁發(fa)生嚴重威脅(xie)耕地(di)健康。近(jin)年來，自然災(zai)害(hai)(hai)(hai)在(zai)農業(ye)方(fang)面的(de)(de)發(fa)生率逐年遞增(zeng)，災(zai)害(hai)(hai)(hai)種(zhong)類、危害(hai)(hai)(hai)程(cheng)度和(he)受(shou)(shou)損面積也逐年增(zeng)大(da)。汶川地(di)震期(qi)間局部地(di)區(qu)伴(ban)生了泥石流、山體滑坡等次生災(zai)害(hai)(hai)(hai)，導(dao)致耕地(di)絕對量有(you)所(suo)減少。此次地(di)震造成50.46萬畝耕地(di)遭到破壞，受(shou)(shou)災(zai)耕地(di)面積占2007年四(si)川省耕地(di)面積的(de)(de)0.49%，受(shou)(shou)損土壤含水量和(he)土壤孔隙度降(jiang)低，土壤氮(dan)素(su)、磷素(su)、速效鉀和(he)有(you)機質(zhi)含量明顯低于未受(shou)(shou)損的(de)(de)土壤，并且在(zai)短期(qi)內(nei)很難重新(xin)恢復。

　　不良耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)利用嚴(yan)重(zhong)損(sun)害耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)健康。黑(hei)龍江(jiang)三江(jiang)平(ping)原(yuan)從(cong)1975年(nian)到1990年(nian)期(qi)間，沼澤面積占(zhan)平(ping)原(yuan)面積下降(jiang)了(le)26%。新中(zhong)國(guo)成(cheng)(cheng)立初期(qi)部分地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)開始毀(hui)林(lin)開荒造(zao)地(di)(di)，隨后又啟動退(tui)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)還林(lin)工程，但目前(qian)我(wo)國(guo)還有6500萬畝陡坡耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)、4000多萬畝嚴(yan)重(zhong)沙(sha)化(hua)(hua)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)在耕(geng)(geng)(geng)作，造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)嚴(yan)重(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)土流失。由(you)于長期(qi)無節制地(di)(di)開采地(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)，以(yi)保(bao)(bao)定、衡水(shui)(shui)(shui)、滄州等地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)為中(zhong)心的(de)(de)華北平(ping)原(yuan)區(qu)(qu)形成(cheng)(cheng)多個(ge)漏斗群(qun)，對土壤厚度及土體構(gou)型造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)嚴(yan)重(zhong)破(po)壞(huai)，衍生(sheng)出一(yi)系列次生(sheng)災害和環境地(di)(di)質問題。我(wo)國(guo)化(hua)(hua)肥、農(nong)藥等現代(dai)投入品(pin)的(de)(de)施用量(liang)已躍(yue)居世界第一(yi)位(wei)，在有效(xiao)利用率方(fang)面投入品(pin)大(da)約70%滲(shen)透至土壤造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)土壤污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)。為了(le)保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)農(nong)產品(pin)非(fei)季節供應(ying)，新疆目前(qian)成(cheng)(cheng)為我(wo)國(guo)白色污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)最嚴(yan)重(zhong)區(qu)(qu)域，殘(can)(can)留(liu)地(di)(di)膜回收率低(di)，有近(jin)一(yi)半的(de)(de)農(nong)膜殘(can)(can)留(liu)在土壤中(zhong)，造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)“白色污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)”。耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)退(tui)化(hua)(hua)、耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)板結、耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)污(wu)(wu)染(ran)(ran)等區(qu)(qu)域性(xing)生(sheng)態(tai)問題日益顯現。

　　制度(du)(du)不(bu)健(jian)(jian)全難挽(wan)土壤退(tui)化(hua)趨勢。我國實行最嚴格的耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)保(bao)護(hu)制度(du)(du)，但(dan)核心(xin)制度(du)(du)設計依然(ran)是數量(liang)管理，耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質量(liang)和(he)耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)管理制度(du)(du)設計很(hen)不(bu)嚴密。耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質量(liang)和(he)耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)保(bao)護(hu)、利(li)用、建設的約束(shu)激勵機制基本沒(mei)有建立，缺乏對影響(xiang)耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質量(liang)、耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)的關鍵核心(xin)指標的調查(cha)監測(ce)與評(ping)價。耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質量(liang)、耕(geng)地(di)(di)(di)(di)健(jian)(jian)康(kang)法律(lv)不(bu)健(jian)(jian)全，獎(jiang)懲制度(du)(du)缺乏立法保(bao)障(zhang)，責(ze)任主體、管理職(zhi)責(ze)邊界(jie)等(deng)缺乏制度(du)(du)安排(pai)和(he)組織(zhi)建設。

　　習(xi)近平生態文(wen)明思想的一個重要(yao)組成部分(fen)，是堅持山水林田(tian)湖(hu)草是生命(ming)共同(tong)體(ti)(ti)的整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)系統觀。完(wan)善最嚴(yan)格的耕(geng)地(di)保(bao)護制度，必須重視耕(geng)地(di)質量和耕(geng)地(di)健(jian)康保(bao)護，切實扭(niu)轉只重視開發(fa)利用田(tian)(耕(geng)地(di))的生產功(gong)能，而不重視呵護田(tian)作(zuo)為生命(ming)共同(tong)體(ti)(ti)核(he)心的整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)功(gong)能的舊觀念。

　　筆者認為，耕地健康是系統(tong)健康，需要整體(ti)保(bao)護、系統(tong)修復、綜合(he)治理。

　　一是加強(qiang)(qiang)永(yong)久(jiu)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)農(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)(tian)劃定(ding)與管(guan)理(li)(li)。自1986年實(shi)施(shi)以來，我國基(ji)本(ben)(ben)農(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)(tian)制(zhi)度已經有了30多(duo)年的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)。黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十七屆(jie)三中(zhong)全(quan)(quan)會，更是把基(ji)本(ben)(ben)農(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)(tian)冠以“永(yong)久(jiu)”，表明了中(zhong)國呵護飯碗田(tian)(tian)、捍衛生(sheng)命線的(de)(de)(de)堅(jian)定(ding)意(yi)志和堅(jian)強(qiang)(qiang)決心。優(you)先(xian)對(dui)永(yong)久(jiu)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)農(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)(tian)采取分類管(guan)理(li)(li)，實(shi)施(shi)用途管(guan)制(zhi)是十分必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)。對(dui)于高等(deng)級(ji)、無污染的(de)(de)(de)永(yong)久(jiu)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)農(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)(tian)實(shi)施(shi)優(you)先(xian)保護;對(dui)中(zhong)低等(deng)級(ji)、有輕(qing)度污染存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)永(yong)久(jiu)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)農(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)(tian)，要(yao)安(an)全(quan)(quan)利(li)用，同時要(yao)加強(qiang)(qiang)在(zai)安(an)全(quan)(quan)利(li)用過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)自然恢復和耕(geng)地(di)(di)健(jian)(jian)康建設，使(shi)有效耕(geng)作層變厚(hou)、使(shi)土(tu)壤(rang)有機質增加、使(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)(tian)健(jian)(jian)康防護體系完(wan)善(shan)，減少農(nong)(nong)(nong)業生(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)對(dui)耕(geng)地(di)(di)健(jian)(jian)康的(de)(de)(de)損耗(hao)，逐步提高耕(geng)地(di)(di)健(jian)(jian)康水(shui)平;對(dui)有中(zhong)重度污染的(de)(de)(de)永(yong)久(jiu)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)農(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)(tian)要(yao)嚴格(ge)管(guan)控，直至退(tui)出農(nong)(nong)(nong)業生(sheng)產(chan)。

　　二是(shi)拓(tuo)展高標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)農(nong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)內(nei)容(rong)。進入新世紀以(yi)來(lai)，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)連(lian)續實(shi)施(shi)(shi)三個《全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)土地(di)整治規劃(hua)(hua)》，實(shi)施(shi)(shi)《全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)高標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)農(nong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)規劃(hua)(hua)綱要(yao)》，目標(biao)是(shi)到2020年(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)成10億畝(mu)高標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)農(nong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)。但是(shi)，必須承認我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)高標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)農(nong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)依然是(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)低標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)、內(nei)容(rong)不(bu)完善。日本建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家水(shui)稻田(tian)(tian)(tian)，設(she)計壽命(ming)是(shi)40年(nian)(nian)，由于管理先進，實(shi)際使用壽命(ming)達到60-80年(nian)(nian)，而我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)《高標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)農(nong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)通則》所確(que)定的(de)設(she)計壽命(ming)是(shi)10年(nian)(nian)。歐盟農(nong)地(di)管護(hu)，已經從農(nong)業生產基(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)，轉向(xiang)農(nong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)生態(tai)基(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)，對(dui)農(nong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)生態(tai)系統和農(nong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)系統生物多樣性給予了充分的(de)考慮，而我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)高標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)農(nong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)和評價國(guo)(guo)(guo)家標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)還(huan)缺(que)乏(fa)這(zhe)些(xie)內(nei)容(rong)的(de)規定。

　　三(san)(san)是深化(hua)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)耕地資源調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)(cha)監測評價。改革開(kai)放以(yi)來，我國(guo)(guo)先后(hou)完(wan)成了兩輪全(quan)國(guo)(guo)范(fan)圍的(de)(de)土地調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)(cha)，目前正在開(kai)展第三(san)(san)輪國(guo)(guo)土調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)(cha)。調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)核心內(nei)容包括(kuo)耕地資源調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)(cha)，遺憾的(de)(de)是，這(zhe)項調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)(cha)目前還是以(yi)國(guo)(guo)土資源利用類型和權屬調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)(cha)為主(zhu)，對于自然(ran)資源的(de)(de)質(zhi)量屬性、健康水平還缺乏全(quan)面調(diao)(diao)查(cha)(cha)(cha)設計。這(zhe)個缺口必須填上、短(duan)板必須補(bu)齊。

　　四是(shi)推動(dong)土地科(ke)技(ji)創(chuang)新(xin)。中國(guo)(guo)耕(geng)地長(chang)期持續高強度利用的嚴酷現(xian)實(shi)是(shi)其(qi)他國(guo)(guo)家所沒(mei)有的，先進國(guo)(guo)家也不(bu)可能(neng)為(wei)我們研發(fa)這項關鍵核心技(ji)術，中國(guo)(guo)土地資源安全與管控的關鍵核心技(ji)術只(zhi)能(neng)依靠中國(guo)(guo)科(ke)學家來完成。呵護耕(geng)地健康、投(tou)資自然資本是(shi)關系中華民族生存(cun)發(fa)展的戰略科(ke)技(ji)創(chuang)新(xin)工(gong)程，必(bi)須做(zuo)好頂層設計，切實(shi)組織實(shi)施(shi)好。