國(guo)(guo)家安(an)(an)全(quan)是(shi)安(an)(an)邦定(ding)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)重要基石，糧(liang)食(shi)安(an)(an)全(quan)是(shi)新時期總體國(guo)(guo)家安(an)(an)全(quan)觀的(de)(de)重要組成(cheng)部分。有(you)土茲有(you)糧(liang)，耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)健康(kang)是(shi)國(guo)(guo)際公認的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家糧(liang)食(shi)安(an)(an)全(quan)生命(ming)線。自然資(zi)源(yuan)部是(shi)對耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)保護監督負有(you)重要職責的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)務院(yuan)組成(cheng)部門，是(shi)組織開展并引領國(guo)(guo)內關于耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)質量、耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)產能、耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)健康(kang)的(de)(de)政(zheng)府機關。

　　我們認為，耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)的(de)(de)本(ben)質內涵至少包(bao)括以(yi)(yi)下四個方面：一是耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)本(ben)體健(jian)康(kang)(kang)，土壤肥力和(he)土壤自(zi)凈能(neng)力得以(yi)(yi)維持;二(er)是耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)母體健(jian)康(kang)(kang)，即耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)在(zai)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)播(bo)種期足(zu)以(yi)(yi)支持作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)全生(sheng)命周期健(jian)康(kang)(kang)生(sheng)長，在(zai)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)(wu)收獲期保證農產品(pin)質量安全;三是耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)受體健(jian)康(kang)(kang)，在(zai)農業耕(geng)(geng)(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)過程中要保證進(jin)入耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)水、肥、藥沉(chen)降物(wu)(wu)不使耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)被(bei)污染、被(bei)損傷;四是耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)系統健(jian)康(kang)(kang)，耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)作(zuo)(zuo)為一個自(zi)然生(sheng)態(tai)系統所排放的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)質不致對(dui)自(zi)然環境造成危害，對(dui)于系統性的(de)(de)能(neng)量殘余能(neng)夠(gou)完全消(xiao)化分(fen)解。簡言(yan)之(zhi)，耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)健(jian)康(kang)(kang)，是健(jian)康(kang)(kang)的(de)(de)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)土壤、可持續(xu)的(de)(de)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)利用以(yi)(yi)及穩定的(de)(de)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)資源利用生(sheng)態(tai)系統。

　　目前我國(guo)耕地健康存(cun)在的(de)主要問題包括：

　　城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化快速發展嚴重挑戰耕地健康(kang)管理。我國(guo)目(mu)前正處(chu)于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)化過(guo)半階段，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)化率從17.92%提高到58.52%;工業(ye)化方面(mian)也成為世界的制造大國(guo)，工業(ye)增加值年均增長率達14.6%。必須承認(ren)，我國(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化處(chu)在粗放擴張向綠色發展轉(zhuan)型(xing)階段，產(chan)業(ye)結構同樣處(chu)在向生態(tai)環境友(you)好的高端產(chan)業(ye)轉(zhuan)型(xing)階段，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)、工業(ye)系統(tong)向耕地系統(tong)輸送大量有害健康(kang)的物(wu)質，而且短期(qi)內還會進一步增加，耕地健康(kang)狀(zhuang)況面(mian)臨巨(ju)大挑戰。

　　自然(ran)災(zai)害頻繁發生(sheng)嚴重(zhong)威脅(xie)耕地健康。近年來，自然(ran)災(zai)害在農業方面(mian)的(de)發生(sheng)率(lv)逐(zhu)年遞增，災(zai)害種類、危害程度(du)和(he)(he)受(shou)損(sun)面(mian)積(ji)也逐(zhu)年增大。汶川(chuan)地震期(qi)間局部地區伴生(sheng)了(le)泥石流、山體滑坡(po)等次生(sheng)災(zai)害，導致耕地絕(jue)對量(liang)有所減少(shao)。此次地震造成(cheng)50.46萬(wan)畝(mu)耕地遭到破(po)壞，受(shou)災(zai)耕地面(mian)積(ji)占2007年四川(chuan)省耕地面(mian)積(ji)的(de)0.49%，受(shou)損(sun)土(tu)壤含水(shui)量(liang)和(he)(he)土(tu)壤孔隙度(du)降低，土(tu)壤氮素(su)、磷(lin)素(su)、速效鉀和(he)(he)有機質含量(liang)明顯低于未受(shou)損(sun)的(de)土(tu)壤，并且(qie)在短(duan)期(qi)內很難重(zhong)新恢復。

　　不良耕(geng)(geng)地(di)利(li)用(yong)嚴重(zhong)損(sun)害(hai)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)健康。黑(hei)龍江三江平原(yuan)從1975年(nian)到1990年(nian)期(qi)間(jian)，沼(zhao)澤面積占平原(yuan)面積下降了26%。新(xin)(xin)中國(guo)成(cheng)立初(chu)期(qi)部(bu)分(fen)地(di)區(qu)(qu)開(kai)始毀林(lin)開(kai)荒造(zao)地(di)，隨后又啟動退(tui)耕(geng)(geng)還林(lin)工(gong)程，但目(mu)(mu)前我(wo)國(guo)還有(you)(you)6500萬畝陡坡耕(geng)(geng)地(di)、4000多萬畝嚴重(zhong)沙化(hua)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)在耕(geng)(geng)作，造(zao)成(cheng)嚴重(zhong)水(shui)土(tu)流失。由于長期(qi)無節(jie)制地(di)開(kai)采地(di)下水(shui)，以保定、衡(heng)水(shui)、滄州等地(di)區(qu)(qu)為(wei)中心的華北平原(yuan)區(qu)(qu)形(xing)成(cheng)多個漏斗群(qun)，對土(tu)壤(rang)厚度及(ji)土(tu)體構(gou)型造(zao)成(cheng)嚴重(zhong)破壞，衍生出一系(xi)列次生災害(hai)和環境地(di)質問題。我(wo)國(guo)化(hua)肥、農藥等現代投入品的施用(yong)量已(yi)躍居世界第一位，在有(you)(you)效利(li)用(yong)率方面投入品大約70%滲透(tou)至土(tu)壤(rang)造(zao)成(cheng)土(tu)壤(rang)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)。為(wei)了保障農產品非季節(jie)供應，新(xin)(xin)疆(jiang)目(mu)(mu)前成(cheng)為(wei)我(wo)國(guo)白色(se)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)最(zui)嚴重(zhong)區(qu)(qu)域，殘留地(di)膜(mo)(mo)回收率低，有(you)(you)近一半的農膜(mo)(mo)殘留在土(tu)壤(rang)中，造(zao)成(cheng)“白色(se)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)”。耕(geng)(geng)地(di)退(tui)化(hua)、耕(geng)(geng)地(di)板結、耕(geng)(geng)地(di)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)等區(qu)(qu)域性生態問題日(ri)益顯現。

　　制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)不健(jian)全難挽(wan)土壤退化(hua)趨勢。我國實行最嚴格的耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，但核(he)心(xin)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)設(she)計依然是數(shu)量(liang)管(guan)理，耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)量(liang)和(he)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)健(jian)康(kang)管(guan)理制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)設(she)計很不嚴密。耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)量(liang)和(he)耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)健(jian)康(kang)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)、利用、建(jian)設(she)的約(yue)束激勵機制(zhi)(zhi)基本沒有建(jian)立，缺乏(fa)對影響耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)量(liang)、耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)健(jian)康(kang)的關鍵核(he)心(xin)指標的調查監測與評價。耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)量(liang)、耕(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di)健(jian)康(kang)法(fa)律不健(jian)全，獎懲制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)缺乏(fa)立法(fa)保(bao)(bao)障，責任主(zhu)體(ti)、管(guan)理職責邊(bian)界等缺乏(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)安排和(he)組(zu)織建(jian)設(she)。

　　習近平生(sheng)態(tai)文明思(si)想的一個(ge)重(zhong)(zhong)要組成(cheng)部分，是(shi)堅(jian)持山水林(lin)田湖草是(shi)生(sheng)命共同體的整體系統觀。完善最嚴格(ge)的耕(geng)地(di)保護制(zhi)度，必(bi)須(xu)重(zhong)(zhong)視耕(geng)地(di)質量和(he)耕(geng)地(di)健康保護，切實扭轉只重(zhong)(zhong)視開發利用田(耕(geng)地(di))的生(sheng)產功能(neng)，而不重(zhong)(zhong)視呵護田作為生(sheng)命共同體核心(xin)的整體功能(neng)的舊(jiu)觀念。

　　筆者(zhe)認(ren)為(wei)，耕地健康(kang)是系統健康(kang)，需要整體保(bao)護、系統修復、綜合治(zhi)理。

　　一是(shi)加強永(yong)(yong)久(jiu)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)農(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)劃定與管理(li)。自1986年(nian)實施(shi)(shi)以(yi)來，我國基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)農(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)制(zhi)度已經(jing)有(you)(you)(you)了30多年(nian)的歷(li)史。黨的十(shi)七屆三中(zhong)(zhong)全會(hui)，更是(shi)把基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)農(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)冠以(yi)“永(yong)(yong)久(jiu)”，表明了中(zhong)(zhong)國呵護(hu)飯碗田(tian)、捍衛生命線的堅(jian)定意志和堅(jian)強決心。優(you)先(xian)對(dui)永(yong)(yong)久(jiu)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)農(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)采(cai)取(qu)分(fen)類管理(li)，實施(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)途管制(zhi)是(shi)十(shi)分(fen)必要的。對(dui)于高等級(ji)、無污染(ran)的永(yong)(yong)久(jiu)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)農(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)實施(shi)(shi)優(you)先(xian)保護(hu);對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)低等級(ji)、有(you)(you)(you)輕度污染(ran)存(cun)在(zai)的永(yong)(yong)久(jiu)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)農(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)，要安全利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)，同(tong)時要加強在(zai)安全利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)過程中(zhong)(zhong)的自然(ran)恢復和耕地健(jian)(jian)康建設，使有(you)(you)(you)效耕作層變厚、使土壤有(you)(you)(you)機質增(zeng)加、使農(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)健(jian)(jian)康防(fang)護(hu)體系完(wan)善，減少農(nong)(nong)(nong)業生產(chan)過程中(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)耕地健(jian)(jian)康的損耗，逐(zhu)步提高耕地健(jian)(jian)康水平(ping);對(dui)有(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)重度污染(ran)的永(yong)(yong)久(jiu)基(ji)本(ben)(ben)(ben)農(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)要嚴格管控，直(zhi)至退出農(nong)(nong)(nong)業生產(chan)。

　　二是拓展高(gao)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)內容。進(jin)入新(xin)世紀以來，我國(guo)連續實(shi)(shi)施(shi)三個《全(quan)國(guo)土地(di)整(zheng)治規(gui)劃》，實(shi)(shi)施(shi)《全(quan)國(guo)高(gao)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)規(gui)劃綱(gang)要》，目標(biao)是到(dao)2020年建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)成10億畝高(gao)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)。但(dan)是，必(bi)須承認(ren)我國(guo)的(de)(de)高(gao)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)依然是建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)低(di)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)、內容不完善。日本建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)國(guo)家水稻田(tian)(tian)(tian)，設(she)計壽(shou)命是40年，由于管理先進(jin)，實(shi)(shi)際使(shi)用壽(shou)命達(da)到(dao)60-80年，而我國(guo)《高(gao)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)通則》所確定的(de)(de)設(she)計壽(shou)命是10年。歐盟農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)地(di)管護，已經從農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業生產基(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)，轉(zhuan)向農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)生態基(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)，對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)生態系(xi)(xi)統和農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)系(xi)(xi)統生物(wu)多樣性給予了充分(fen)的(de)(de)考慮，而我國(guo)高(gao)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)田(tian)(tian)(tian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)和評價國(guo)家標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)還缺乏(fa)這些內容的(de)(de)規(gui)定。

　　三(san)(san)是(shi)深化全(quan)(quan)國(guo)耕地資源(yuan)調(diao)(diao)查(cha)監(jian)測評價。改革開放以(yi)來，我國(guo)先后完(wan)成了兩輪(lun)全(quan)(quan)國(guo)范(fan)圍(wei)的土地調(diao)(diao)查(cha)，目前(qian)正在(zai)開展第三(san)(san)輪(lun)國(guo)土調(diao)(diao)查(cha)。調(diao)(diao)查(cha)的核心內容包括耕地資源(yuan)調(diao)(diao)查(cha)，遺(yi)憾的是(shi)，這項調(diao)(diao)查(cha)目前(qian)還是(shi)以(yi)國(guo)土資源(yuan)利用類(lei)型和(he)權屬調(diao)(diao)查(cha)為主，對于自然資源(yuan)的質量屬性(xing)、健康水平還缺乏全(quan)(quan)面調(diao)(diao)查(cha)設計。這個缺口必(bi)須(xu)填上、短板必(bi)須(xu)補齊。

　　四是推動土(tu)地科(ke)技創(chuang)新。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)耕(geng)地長期持續高強度(du)利用的(de)(de)嚴酷現實是其他國(guo)家所(suo)沒(mei)有的(de)(de)，先(xian)進國(guo)家也不可能為(wei)我們研發這項關鍵核心技術，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)土(tu)地資源(yuan)安全(quan)與管控的(de)(de)關鍵核心技術只能依(yi)靠(kao)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)科(ke)學(xue)家來完成。呵護(hu)耕(geng)地健康、投資自然(ran)資本是關系中(zhong)(zhong)華民族生存發展的(de)(de)戰略科(ke)技創(chuang)新工程(cheng)，必須做(zuo)好頂層(ceng)設計(ji)，切實組織(zhi)實施好。